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The 3-4-5 right triangle (on
the left) is famous. It is the smallest non-trivial (with sides greater than
zero) right triangle with integer sides. By The Pythagorean Theorem, we know that
3^2+4^2=5^2 (9+16=25). These numbers are then the smallest Pythagorean triple:
3,4,5. Are there any others?
First, let's notice that we can double or triple (etc.) the 3-4-5 triangle. 6^2+8^2=10^2, 9^2+12^2=15^2, 12^2+16^2=20^2, etc. We could consider these triples to be uninteresting, as they are all the same triangle; the scale is just different. The other, interesting ones are called Primitive Pythagorean Triples.
A little experimentation shows that 5^2+12^2=13^2. And that too can be doubled, tripled, etc., as can all other, as yet undiscovered, triples. You may experiment for quite a while before you find the next interesting triple: 8^2+15^2=17^2.
How about a Pythagorean triple with two of the numbers being equal? Then x^2+x^2=z^2, or 2x^2=z^2, or z=a sqr(2), where sqr() is the square root function. And we know that this equation has no integer solutions (Irrational Numbers).
It is well known that if you choose arbitrary positive integers m>n, that these equations generate all Pythagorean Triples (x, y, z):
x=m^2-n^2, y=2mn, z=m^2+n^2
It is fairly easy to show that no matter what m and n are, x^2+y^2=z^2 (just show that x^2+y^2 is the same number as z^2). I won't show that this method generates ALL Pythagorean Triples. This method shows that there are infinitely many Pythagorean Triples. If we want just primitive triples, then m and n must be relatively prime, and one must be even while the other is odd. I won't prove that, either. Here are the first few values of m and n:
m n x y z 2 1 3 4 5 3 1 8 6 10 3 2 5 12 13 4 1 15 8 17 4 2 12 16 20 4 3 7 24 25 5 1 24 10 26 5 2 21 20 29 5 3 16 30 34 5 4 9 40 41 6 1 35 12 37 6 2 32 24 40 6 3 27 36 45 6 4 20 48 52 6 5 11 60 61 7 1 48 14 50 7 2 45 28 53 7 3 40 42 58 7 4 33 56 65 7 5 24 70 74 7 6 13 84 85 ...
I notice that 3^2+4^2=5^2 and 5^2+12^2=13^2 have a hypotenuse one greater than one of the legs. We see from the above table that there other triples like that. Let's look at these triples in more detail:
x^2+y^2=(y+1)^2=y^2+2y+1
x^2=2y+1
y=(x^2-1)/2
We should be able to just plug in any odd number x and get a Pythagorean Triple:
x y z 1 0 1 (trivial) 3 4 5 5 12 13 7 24 25 9 40 41 11 60 61 13 84 85 ...
This, of course, does not generate all triples. But there are infinitely many triples of this form.